Heat transfer fluids and corrosion inhibitor formulations for use thereof

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein is a heat transfer fluid concentrate comprising: greater than or equal to 90 weight percent of a freezing point depressant; 16 to 80 ppm of magnesium ions; an azole compound; an inorganic phosphate; a carboxylate; and an acrylate based polymer, wherein the heat transfer fluid concentrate has a pH of 7-9.5 and the weight ratio of acrylate based polymer to magnesium ions is 1 to 25. The heat transfer fluid concentrate can be used to make a heat transfer fluid.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. application Ser.No. 14/087,796, filed Nov. 22, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 13/606,452, filed Sep. 7, 2012 (now U.S. Pat. No.8,617,416). The entire disclosure of both documents are herebyincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Modern vehicle engines generally require a heat transfer fluid (liquidcoolant) to provide long-lasting, year-round protection of their coolingsystems. The primary requirements of the heat transfer fluids are thatthey provide efficient heat transfer to control and maintain enginetemperature for efficient fuel economy and lubrication, and preventengine failures due to freeze-up, boiling-over, or over-heating. Anadditional key requirement of a heat transfer fluid is that it providescorrosion protection of all cooling system metals over a wide range oftemperature and operating conditions. Aluminum corrosion protection forengine block, cylinder head, water pump, heat exchangers and othercomponents from aluminum or aluminum alloys is particularly important.Beyond metal protection, corrosion protection helps the heat transferfluid to fulfill its primary function of transferring excess heat fromthe engine to the radiator for dissipation.

There is an ongoing need for heat transfer fluids having good heattransfer and corrosion protection.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

This need is met, at least in part, by a heat transfer fluid concentratecomprising: greater than or equal to 85 weight percent of a freezingpoint depressant; 16 to 80 ppm of magnesium ions; an azole compound; aninorganic phosphate; a carboxylate; and an acrylate based polymer,wherein the heat transfer fluid concentrate has a pH of 7 to 9.5 and theweight ratio of acrylate based polymer to magnesium ions is 1 to 25.

The heat transfer fluid concentrate can be diluted to form a heattransfer fluid coolant comprising: less than 90 weight percent of afreezing point depressant; water; 8 to 60 ppm of magnesium ions; anazole compound; an inorganic phosphate; a carboxylic acid; greater than0.5 ppm of calcium ions; and an acrylate based polymer, wherein the heattransfer fluid has a pH of 7-9.5 and the weight ratio of acrylate basedpolymer to magnesium ions is 1 to 25.

Also described herein is a heat transfer system comprising a heattransfer fluid concentrate or heat transfer coolant as described hereinand a heat transfer apparatus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed herein are heat transfer fluid concentrate and heat transferfluid compositions that demonstrate a synergistic effect between thecomponents of the composition. In a heat transfer fluid comprisingethylene glycol, water, a carboxylate, inorganic phosphate, and an azolecompound the synergistic effect is observed between magnesium ions andacrylate based polymer, as shown in the corrosion tests and storagetest. The optimal performance is observed when the ratio ofacrylate-based polymer to magnesium ion (both in ppm or wt %) in theheat transfer fluid concentrate is 1 to 25. In the case of a heattransfer fluid, the results show that adding 1-15 ppm of calcium ionscan ensure storage stability and good corrosion performance. The effectof calcium ions on the solubility of magnesium ions in the phosphatecontaining heat transfer fluid is particularly surprising. The highlyinsoluble nature of various calcium phosphate salts in aqueous solutionsat pH between 7 and 9.5 would lead one of skill in the art to predictpoor solubility due to solution thermodynamic considerations.

The heat transfer fluid concentrate and heat transfer fluid can be freeof silicate, borate and amines. The nitrate content can be less than 50ppm by weight based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluidconcentrate or heat transfer fluid.

The freezing point depressant can be an alcohol or mixture of alcohols.Exemplary alcohols include monohydric or polyhydric alcohols andmixtures thereof. The alcohol can be selected from the group consistingof methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, furfurol, furfuryl alcohol,tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, ethoxylated furfuryl alcohol, ethyleneglycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, diethylene glycol,triethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol,dipropylene glycol, butylene glycol, glycerol-1,2-dimethyl ether,glycerol-1,3-dimethyl ether, monoethylether of glycerol, sorbitol,1,2,6-hexanetriol, trimethylopropane, alkoxy alkanols such asmethoxyethanol, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

In the heat transfer fluid concentrate the freezing point depressant ispresent in an amount greater than or equal to 85 weight percent (wt %)and less than or equal to 99 wt %, based on the total weight of the heattransfer fluid concentrate. Within this range, the amount of freezingpoint concentrate can be greater than or equal to 86 wt %, greater thanor equal to 87 wt %, greater than or equal to 88 wt %, greater than orequal to 89 wt %, greater than or equal to 90 wt %, greater than orequal to 91 wt %, greater than or equal to 92 wt %, greater than orequal to 93 wt %, greater than or equal to 94 wt %, greater than orequal to 95 wt %, greater than or equal to 96 wt %, greater than orequal to 97 wt %, or greater than or equal to 98 wt %.

The carboxylate has 6 to 20 carbon atoms. The term “carboxylate” isinclusive of carboxylic acid, salt thereof, and combinations of acarboxylic acid and carboxylic acid salt. The carboxylate may comprise asingle or multiple carboxyl groups and may be linear or branched. It isexpressly contemplated that combinations of carboxylates may be used andare encompassed by the term “carboxylate” or “carboxylic acid”.Exemplary aliphatic carboxylates include 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, hexanoicacid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, neodecanoic acid, decanoic acid,nonanoic acid, isoheptanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, sebacic acid, adipicacid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, dodecanedioic acid, andcombinations of two or more of the foregoing. Exemplary aromaticcarboxylates include benzoic acid, toluic acid or methylbenzoic acid,tert-butyl benzoic acid, alkoxy benzoic acid, e.g., methoxybenzoic acid(or o, p, m-anisic acid), salicylic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalicacid, terephthalic acid, phenylacetic acid, mandelic acid,1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid, and combinations of two or more of theforegoing.

In the heat transfer fluid concentrate the carboxylate is present in anamount of 1 to 10 wt %, based on the total weight of the heat transferfluid concentrate. Within this range, the amount can be greater than orequal to 1.5 wt %, or, more specifically, greater than or equal to 2 wt%. Also within this range, the amount can be less than or equal to 7 wt%, or, more specifically, less than or equal to 5 wt %.

The inorganic phosphate can be phosphoric acid, sodium orthophosphate,potassium orthophosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, potassium pyrophosphate,sodium polyphosphate, potassium polyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate,potassium hexametaphosphate, or a combination of two or more of theforegoing inorganic phosphates.

In the heat transfer fluid concentrate, the inorganic phosphate can bepresent in an amount of 0.10 wt % to 0.60 wt %, based on the totalweight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate. Within this range, theamount can be greater than or equal to 0.11 wt %, or, more specifically,greater than or equal to 0.12 wt %. Also within this range, the amountcan be less than or equal to 0.45 wt %, or, more specifically, less thanor equal to 0.40 wt %.

The heat transfer fluid additive composition comprises an azole.Exemplary azoles include benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, methylbenzotriazole (e.g., 4-methyl benzotriazole and 5-methyl benzotriazole),butyl benzotriazole, and other alkyl benzotriazoles (e.g., the alkylgroup contains from 2 to 20 carbon atoms), mercaptobenzothiazole,thiazole and other substituted thiazoles, imidazole, benzimidazole, andother substituted imidazoles, indazole and substituted indazoles,tetrazole, tetrahydrotolyltriazole, and substituted tetrazoles.Combinations of two or more of the foregoing azoles may also be used andcombinations of azoles are included in the term “azole”.

In the heat transfer fluid concentrate, the azole compound can bepresent in an amount of 0.01 wt % to 3 wt %, based on the total weightof the heat transfer fluid concentrate. Within this range, the azolecompound can be present in an amount greater than or equal to 0.05 wt %,or, more specifically, greater than or equal to 0.1 wt %. Also withinthis range, the azole compound can be present in an amount less than orequal to 2 wt %, or, more specifically, less than or equal to 1 wt %.

The magnesium ions are derived from a magnesium compound that canproduce magnesium ions upon dissolving in a water containing solution atroom temperature. The magnesium compound can be an inorganic magnesiumcompound such as magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, magnesiummolybdate, magnesium tungstate, magnesium vanadate, magnesiumperchlorate, magnesium hydroxide or a combination thereof. The magnesiumcompound is soluble in the heat transfer fluid. Soluble, as used herein,is defined as dissolving such that no particulate matter is visible tothe naked eye. The magnesium compound can also be magnesium salt formedbetween magnesium ions and an organic acid containing one or morecarboxylic acid groups, such as magnesium polyacrylate, magnesiumpolymaleate, magnesium lactate, magnesium citrate, magnesium tartrate,magnesium gluconate, magnesium glucoheptonate, magnesium glycolate,magnesium glucarate, magnesium succinate, magnesium hydroxysuccinate,magnesium adipate, magnesium oxalate, magnesium malonate, magnesiumsulfamate, magnesium formate, magnesium acetate, magnesium propionate,magnesium salt of aliphatic tri-carboxylic acid or aliphatictetra-carboxylic acid, and combinations of the foregoing magnesiumcompounds.

In the heat transfer fluid concentrate, the magnesium compound ispresent in an amount such that the heat transfer fluid has a magnesiumion concentration of 16 to 80 parts per million by weight (ppm) of theheat transfer fluid concentrate. Within this range, the magnesium ionconcentration can be greater than or equal to 20 ppm, or, morespecifically, greater than or equal to 22 ppm. Also within this range,the magnesium ion concentration can be less than or equal to 75 ppm, or,more specifically, less than or equal to 70 ppm.

The heat transfer fluid concentrate comprises an acrylate-based polymer.The acrylate based polymer is a water soluble polymer (average molecularweight of 200 to 200,000 Daltons). Exemplary acrylate polymers includepolyacrylates, acrylate based polymers, copolymers, terpolymers, andquadpolymers, such as acrylate/acrylamide copolymers, polymethacrylates,polymaleic acids or maleic anhydride polymers, maleic acid basedpolymers, their copolymers and terpolymers, modified acrylamide basedpolymers, including polyacrylamides, acrylamide based copolymers andterpolymers. In general, water soluble polymers suitable for use includehomo-polymers, copolymers, terpolymer and inter-polymers having (1) atleast one monomeric unit containing C₃ to C₁₆ monoethylenicallyunsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acids or their salts; or (2) at leastone monomeric unit containing C₃ to C₁₆ monoethylenically unsaturatedmono- or dicarboxylic acid derivatives such as amides, nitriles,carboxylate esters, acid halides (e.g., chloride), and acid anhydrides,and combination thereof. In some embodiments, the acrylate based polymercomprises a phosphinopolyacrylate.

In the heat transfer fluid concentrate (and the heat transfer fluid madefrom the concentrate), the amount of acrylate based polymer is chosenbased on the amount of the magnesium ions. The ratio of acrylate-basedpolymer to magnesium ions is greater than 1 and less than 25. Withinthis range, the ratio can be greater than or equal to 2 or, morespecifically, greater than or equal to 3. Also within this range, theratio can be less than or equal to 20, or, more specifically, less thanor equal to 15. The ratio of acrylate ions is determined using theamount (the weight) of acrylate-based polymer dissolved in theconcentrate.

The heat transfer fluid concentrate can further comprise calcium ions.The calcium ions are derived from a calcium compound that can producecalcium ions upon dissolving in a water containing solution at roomtemperature. The calcium compound can be an inorganic calcium compoundsuch as calcium nitrate, calcium chloride, calcium perchlorate, calciummolybdate, calcium tungstate, calcium vanadate, calcium hydroxide, or acombination thereof. The calcium compound is soluble in the heattransfer fluid. Soluble, as used herein, is defined as dissolving suchthat no particulate matter is visible to the naked eye. The calciumcompound can also be calcium salt formed between calcium ions and anorganic acid containing one or more carboxylic acid groups, such ascalcium polyacrylate, calcium polymaleate, calcium lactate, calciumcitrate, calcium tartrate, calcium gluconate, calcium glucoheptonate,calcium glycolate, calcium glucarate, calcium succinate, calciumhydroxysuccinate, calcium adipate, calcium oxalate, calcium malonate,calcium sulfamate, calcium formate, calcium acetate, calcium propionate,calcium salts of aliphatic tri-carboxylic acid or aliphatictetra-carboxylic acid, and combinations of the foregoing calciumcompounds.

The calcium compound is present in an amount such that the heat transferfluid concentrate has a calcium ion concentration of greater than 0.5parts per million, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid.Within this range, the amount of calcium ions can be less than 20 ppm.Also within this range, the amount of calcium ions can be less than orequal to 10 ppm.

The heat transfer fluid can further comprise lithium ions. The lithiumions are derived from a lithium compound that can produce lithium ionsupon dissolving in a water containing solution at room temperature. Thelithium compound can be an inorganic lithium compound such as lithiumhydroxide, lithium phosphate, lithium borate, lithium nitrate, lithiumperchlorate, lithium sulfate, lithium molybdate, lithium vanadate,lithium tungstate, lithium carbonate or a combination thereof. Thelithium compound is soluble in the heat transfer fluid. Soluble, as usedherein, is defined as dissolving such that no particulate matter isvisible to the naked eye. The lithium compound can also be lithium saltformed between lithium ions and an organic acid containing one or morecarboxylic acid groups, such as lithium acetate, lithium benzoate,lithium polyacrylate, lithium polymaleate, lithium lactate, lithiumcitrate, lithium tartrate, lithium gluconate, lithium glucoheptonate,lithium glycolate, lithium glucarate, lithium succinate, lithiumhydroxyl succinate, lithium adipate, lithium oxalate, lithium malonate,lithium sulfamate, lithium formate, lithium propionate, lithium salt ofaliphatic mono-, di- or tri-carboxylic acid or aromatic mono-, di- ortri-carboxylic acid, and combinations of the foregoing lithiumcompounds.

The lithium compound can be present in an amount such that the heattransfer fluid concentrate has a lithium ion concentration of 50 to 2000parts per million by weight (ppm) of the heat transfer fluid. Withinthis range, the lithium ion concentration can be less than or equal to1500 ppm, or more specifically, less than or equal to 1000 ppm. Alsowithin this range, the lithium ion concentration can be greater than orequal to 60 ppm, or more specifically, greater than or equal to 65 ppm.

The pH of the heat transfer fluid concentrate is 7 to 9.5 at roomtemperature. Within this range, the pH can be greater than or equal to7.5, or, greater than or equal to 7.8. Also within this range, the pHcan be less than or equal to 9.0, or, less than or equal to 8.8.

The heat transfer fluid concentrate can further comprise aphosphonocarboxylate. Phosphonocarboxylates are phosphonated compoundshaving the general formula

H[CHRCHR]_(n)—PO₃M₂

wherein at least one R group in each unit is a COOM, CH₂OH, sulphono orphosphono group and the other R group which may be the same as, ordifferent from, the first R group, is a hydrogen or a COOM, hydroxyl,phosphono, sulphono, sulphato, C₁₋₇ alkyl, C₁₋₇ alkenyl group or acarboxylate, phosphono, sulphono, sulphato and/or hydroxyl substitutedC₁₋₇ alkyl or C₁₋₇ alkenyl group, n is 1 or an integer greater than 1,and each M is hydrogen or an alkali metal ion such as a sodium ion,potassium ion and the like. Furthermore, at least one COOM group will bepresent in one of the R groups. Preferably, the phosphonocarboxylatesare phosphonated oligomers or mixture of phosphonated oligomers ofmaleic acid, of the formula H[CH(COOM)CH(COOM)]_(n)—PO₃M₂, where n is 1or an integer greater than 1, and M is a cationic species (e.g., alkalimetal cations) such that the compound is water soluble. Exemplaryphosphonocarboxylates include phosphonosuccinic acid,1-phosphono-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxybutane, and1-phosphono-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexacarboxyhexane. The phosphonocarboxylates canbe a mixture of compounds having the preceding formula with differingvalues for “n”. The mean value of “n” can be 1 to 2, or, morespecifically, 1.3 to 1.5. The synthesis of the phosphonocarboxylates isknown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,606,105. Thephosphonocarboxylates are separate and different from the carboxylatesdescribed above. The carboxylate described above consists of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen and are free of non-oxygen heteroatoms.

In the heat transfer fluid concentrate, the phosphonocarboxylate can bepresent in an amount of 10 to 500 ppm, based on the total weight of theheat transfer fluid concentrate. Within this range, thephosphonocarboxylate can be present in an amount greater than or equalto 20 ppm, or, greater than or equal to 40 ppm. Also within this range,the phosphonocarboxylate can be present in an amount less than or equalto 400 ppm, or, less than or equal to 300 ppm.

The heat transfer fluid concentrate may further comprise aphosphinocarboxylate. Phosphinocarboxylates are compounds having thegeneral formula

H[CHR¹CHR¹]_(n)—P(O₂M)—[CHR²—CHR²]_(m)H

wherein at least one R¹ group in each unit is a COOM, CH₂OH, sulphono orphosphono group and the other R¹ group which may be the same as, ordifferent from, the first R¹ group, is a hydrogen or a COOM, hydroxyl,phosphono, sulphono, sulphato, C₁₋₇ alkyl, C₁₋₇ alkenyl group or acarboxylate, phosphono, sulphono, sulphato and/or hydroxyl substitutedC₁₋₇ alkyl or C₁₋₇ alkenyl group, n is an integer equal to or greaterthan 1, and each M is hydrogen or an alkali metal ion such as a sodiumion, potassium ion and the like. Similarly, at least one R² group ineach unit is a COOM, CH₂OH, sulphono or phosphono group and the other R²group which may be the same as, or different from, the first R² group,is a hydrogen or a COOM, hydroxyl, phosphono, sulphono, sulphato, C₁₋₇alkyl, C₁₋₇ alkenyl group or a carboxylate, phosphono, sulphono,sulphato and/or hydroxyl substituted C₁₋₇ alkyl or C₁₋₇ alkenyl group, mis an integer equal to or greater than 0. Furthermore, at least one COOMgroup will be present in one of the R¹ and R² groups. Exemplaryphosphinocarboxylates include phosphinicosuccinic acid and water solublesalts, phosphinicobis(succinic acid) and water soluble salts andphosphinicosuccinic acid oligomer and salts as described in U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,572,789 and 5,018,577. The phosphonocarboxylates can be a mixtureof compounds having the preceding formula with differing values for “n”and “m”. The phosphinocarboxylates are separate and different from thecarboxylates described above.

In the heat transfer fluid concentrate, the phosphinocarboxylate can bepresent in an amount of 10 to 500 ppm, based on the total weight of theheat transfer fluid concentrate. Within this range, thephosphinocarboxylate can be present in an amount greater than or equalto 20 ppm, or, greater than or equal to 40 ppm. Also within this range,the phosphinocarboxylate can be present in an amount less than or equalto 400 ppm, or, less than or equal to 300 ppm.

The heat transfer fluid concentrate (and hence the heat transfer fluid)may optionally comprise one or more of an antifoaming agent or defoamer,dispersant, scale inhibitor, surfactant, colorant and other coolantadditives.

Exemplary antifoam agents include polydimethylsiloxane emulsion basedantifoams. They include PC-5450NF from Performance Chemicals, LLC inBoscawen, N.H.; CNC antifoam XD-55 NF and XD-56 from CNC Internationalin Woonsocket in R.I. Other antifoams suitable for use in the instantinvention include copolymers of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide(PO), such as Pluronic L-61 from BASF.

Generally, the optional antifoam agents may comprise a silicone, forexample, SAG 10 or similar products available from OSI Specialties, DowCorning or other suppliers; an ethylene oxide-propylene oxide (EO-PO)block copolymer and a propylene oxide-ethylene oxide-propylene oxide(PO-EP-PO) block copolymer (e.g., Pluronic L61, Pluronic L81, or otherPluronic and Pluronic C products); poly(ethylene oxide) orpoly(propylene oxide), e.g., PPG 2000 (i.e., polypropylene oxide with anaverage molecular weight of 2000); a hydrophobic amorphous silica; apolydiorganosiloxane based product (e.g., products containingpolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and the like); a fatty acids or fatty acidester (e.g., stearic acid, and the like); a fatty alcohol, analkoxylated alcohol and a polyglycol; a polyether polylol acetate, apolyether ethoxylated sorbital hexaoleate, and a poly(ethyleneoxide-propylene oxide) monoallyl ether acetate; a wax, a naphtha,kerosene and an aromatic oil; and combinations comprising one or more ofthe foregoing antifoam agents.

Exemplary surfactants include fatty acid esters, such as sorbitan fattyacid esters, polyalkylene glycols, polyalkylene glycol esters,copolymers of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO),polyoxyalkylene derivatives of a sorbitan fatty acid ester, and mixturesthereof. The average molecular weight of the non-ionic surfactants canbe 55 to 300,000, or, more specifically 110 to 10,000. Suitable sorbitanfatty acid esters include sorbitan monolaurate (e.g., sold under tradename Span® 20, Arlacel® 20, S-MAZ® 20M1), sorbitan monopalmitate (e.g.,Span® 40 or Arlacel® 40), sorbitan monostearate (e.g., Span® 60,Arlacel® 60, or 5-MAZ® 60K), sorbitan monooleate (e.g., Span® 80 orArlacel® 80), sorbitan monosesquioleate (e.g., Span® 83 or Arlacel® 83),sorbitan trioleate (e.g., Span® 85 or Arlacel® 85), sorbitan tridtearate(e.g., S-MAZ® 65K), sorbitan monotallate (e.g., S-MAZ® 90). Suitablepolyalkylene glycols include polyethylene glycols, polypropyleneglycols, and mixtures thereof. Examples of polyethylene glycols suitablefor use include CARBOWAX™ polyethylene glycols and methoxypolyethyleneglycols from Dow Chemical Company, (e.g., CARBOWAX PEG 200, 300, 400,600, 900, 1000, 1450, 3350, 4000 & 8000, etc.) or PLURACOL® polyethyleneglycols from BASF Corp. (e.g., Pluracol® E 200, 300, 400, 600, 1000,2000, 3350, 4000, 6000 and 8000, etc.). Suitable polyalkylene glycolesters include mono- and di-esters of various fatty acids, such asMAPEG® polyethylene glycol esters from BASF (e.g., MAPEG® 200ML or PEG200 Monolaurate, MAPEG® 400 DO or PEG 400 Dioleate, MAPEG® 400 MO or PEG400 Monooleate, and MAPEG® 600 DO or PEG 600 Dioleate, etc.). Suitablecopolymers of ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) includevarious Pluronic and Pluronic R block copolymer surfactants from BASF,DOWFAX non-ionic surfactants, UCON™ fluids and SYNALOX lubricants fromDOW Chemical. Suitable polyoxyalkylene derivatives of a sorbitan fattyacid ester include polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate (e.g.,products sold under trademarks TWEEN 20 or T-MAZ 20), polyoxyethylene 4sorbitan monolaurate (e.g., TWEEN 21), polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitanmonopalmitate (e.g., TWEEN 40), polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitantmonostearate (e.g., TWEEN 60 or T-MAZ 60K), polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitanmonooleate (e.g., TWEEN 80 or T-MAZ 80), polyoxyethylene 20 tristearate(e.g., TWEEN 65 or T-MAZ 65K), polyoxyethylene 5 sorbitan monooleate(e.g., TWEEN 81 or T-MAZ 81), polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan trioleate(e.g., TWEEN 85 or T-MAZ 85K) and the like.

The heat transfer fluid concentrate can be diluted, typically withwater, to form a heat transfer fluid. For example, the heat transferfluid concentrate can be diluted by 10 to 75 volume percent to form theheat transfer fluid. In some embodiments, the water used for dilution isdeionized water as described in Section 4.5 of ASTM D3306-10.

In the heat transfer fluid the freezing point depressant is present inan amount of 1 wt % to less than 90 wt %, based on the total weight ofthe heat transfer fluid. Within this range, the amount of the freezingpoint depressant can be greater than or equal to 30 wt %, greater thanor equal to 40 wt %, greater than or equal to 50 wt %, greater than orequal to 55 wt %, greater than or equal to 60 wt %, greater than orequal to 70 wt %, greater than or equal to 75 wt %, greater than orequal to 80 wt %, greater than or equal to 85 wt %, greater than orequal to 86 wt %, greater than or equal to 87 wt %, greater than orequal to 88 wt %, or greater than or equal to 89 wt %, but less than 90wt % based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid. Also, withinthis range, the amount of the freezing point depressant can be less thanor equal to 30 wt %, less than or equal to 40 wt %, less than or equalto 50 wt %, less than or equal to 55 wt %, less than or equal to 60 wt%, less than or equal to 70 wt %, less than or equal to 75 wt %, lessthan or equal to 80 wt %, less than or equal to 85 wt %, less than orequal to 86 wt %, less than or equal to 87 wt %, less than or equal to88 wt %, or less than or equal to 89 wt %, but more than 1 wt % based onthe total weight of the heat transfer fluid.

In the heat transfer fluid, the carboxylate is present in an amount of0.5 to 8 wt %, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid.Within this range, the amount can be greater than or equal to 0.6 wt %,or, more specifically, greater than or equal to 0.7 wt %. Also withinthis range, the amount can be less than or equal to 7 wt %, or, morespecifically, less than or equal to 6 wt %.

In the heat transfer fluid, the inorganic phosphate can be present in anamount of 0.05 wt % to 0.4 weight percent, based on the total weight ofthe heat transfer fluid. Within this range, the amount can be greaterthan or equal to 0.07 wt %, or, more specifically, greater than or equalto 0.08 wt %. Also within this range, the amount can be less than orequal to 0.35 wt %, or, more specifically, less than or equal to 0.30 wt%.

In the heat transfer fluid, the azole compound can be present in anamount of 0.005 wt % to 2 wt %, based on the total weight of the heattransfer fluid. Within this range, the azole compound can be present inan amount greater than or equal to 0.007 wt %, or, more specifically,greater than or equal to 0.01 wt %. Also within this range, the azolecompound can be present in an amount less than or equal to 1.5 wt %, or,more specifically, less than or equal to 1 wt %.

In the heat transfer fluid, the magnesium compound is present in anamount such that the heat transfer fluid has a magnesium ionconcentration of 2 to 60 parts per million by weight (ppm) of the heattransfer fluid. Within this range, the magnesium ion concentration canbe greater than or equal to 4 ppm, or, more specifically, greater thanor equal to 6 ppm. Also within this range, the magnesium ionconcentration can be less than or equal to 65 ppm, or, morespecifically, less than or equal to 60 ppm.

The calcium compound can be present in an amount such that the heattransfer fluid has a calcium ion concentration of greater than 0.5 partsper million, based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid.Within this range, the amount of calcium ions can be less than 60 ppm.Also within this range, the amount of calcium ions can be less than orequal to 40 ppm.

The lithium compound can be present in an amount such that the heattransfer fluid has a lithium ion concentration of 20 to 1800 parts permillion by weight (ppm) of the heat transfer fluid. Within this range,the lithium ion concentration can be less than or equal to 1200 ppm, ormore specifically, less than or equal to 900ppm. Also within this range,the lithium ion concentration can be greater than or equal to 30 ppm, ormore specifically, greater than or equal to 65 ppm.

The pH of the heat transfer fluid is 7 to 9.5 at room temperature.Within this range, the pH can be greater than or equal to 7.5, or,greater than or equal to 7.8. Also within this range, the pH can be lessthan or equal to 9.0, or, less than or equal to 8.8.

A method of preventing corrosion comprises contacting a heat transferfluid as described herein with a heat transfer system. The heat transfersystem can comprise components made by controlled atmosphere brazing.The heat transfer system may comprise aluminum.

It is also contemplated that in some applications, such as heavy dutyengines, it may be desirable to incorporate one or more additionalcorrosion inhibitors such as nitrites, molybdates, and salts thereof.

The heat transfer fluid is further demonstrated by the followingnon-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

The examples were made using the materials shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Component Description EG Ethylene glycol Na tolyltriazole 50 wt% solution of sodium tolyltriazole Na hydroxide 50 wt % solution ofsodium hydroxide Neodecanoic acid Neodecanoic acid 2-ethyl hexanoic acid2-ethyl hexanoic acid PM-5150 An anti-foam EMCO H₃PO₄ A 75 wt % of H₃PO₄DI H₂O Deionized water Mg(NO3)₂*6H₂O Hexahydrated magnesium nitrate; (MW= 256.30) Mg(Ac)₂*4H₂O Tetrahydrated magnesium acetoacetate; (MW =214.45) Ca(Ac)₂*H₂O Tetrahydrated calcium acetoacetate; (MW = 176.18)AR-940 Sodium polyacrylate (MW = 2600) aqueous solution, 40% solid, pH =8.3 Acumer 3100 AA/AM/AMPS terpolymer, (MW = 4500), 43.5% solid, pH =2.1-3.0 Acumer 4161 Phosphino polycarboxylic acid, (MW = 3600), 51%solid, pH = 3.3 BTCA 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid

The concentrate compositions shown in Table 2 were made by mixing thelisted ingredients and less than 0.03 weight percent of a dye. Theconcentrate was diluted to 25 volume percent with deionized water and100 ppm of chloride was added. A modified GM9066P test was run on thediluted solution using sand cast aluminum 319 at 263±3 degreesFahrenheit. Results are shown below in Table 2.

Example 1* 2* 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 EG 93.12 92.91 93.48 93.43 93.41 93.43 93.5693.49 93.47 Na tolyltriazole 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.470.47 Na hydroxide 2.19 2.28 2.07 2.07 2.07 2.05 2.00 2.03 2.066Neodecanoic acid 0.96 0.95 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.86 0.86 0.86 2-ethylhexanoic acid 2.87 2.87 2.56 2.70 2.70 2.68 2.58 2.58 2.58 PM-5150 0.200.20 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.18 H₃PO₄ 0.17 0.25 0.25 0.17 0.170.17 0.25 0.25 0.25 DI H2O — 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02Mg(NO3)2*6H2O — — — — — 0.03 — — — Mg(Ac)2*4H2O — — 0.03 0.03 0.03 —0.02 0.02 0.02 Ca(Ac)2*H2O — 0.01 — — — — — 0.002 0.002 AR-940 — — 0.060.01 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.07 Acumer 3100 — — — — 0.01 0.01 — — — Acumer4161 — — — — — — 0.02 — — BTCA — — — — — — — — — Calculated Mgconcentration, mg/kg 0.0 0.0 34.0 34.01 34.01 28.4 22.67 25.0 24.9Calculated Ca concentration, mg/kg 0.0 28.7 — — — — — 3.5 3.6 ppmPolyacrylate/ppm Mg 0.00 0.00 7.06 1.76 1.18 5.62 6.18 11.22 11.23 1 hrLPR CorrRate, mpy @ 263 F. 9.8524 9.1596 0.4406 0.7125 0.9555 0.42800.4351 0.7588 0.5979 1 hr Ecorr, V/AgAgCl −0.9378 −0.9771 −0.8828−0.8855 −0.8894 −0.8560 −0.8271 −0.8660 −0.8578 3 hr LPR CorrRate, mpy@263 F. 8.9671 9.1923 0.2657 0.2719 0.4519 0.2809 0.5152 0.5404 0.3614 3hr Ecorr, V/AgAgCl −0.9141 −0.9196 −0.8357 −0.8495 −0.8608 −0.8173−0.8201 −0.8410 −0.8344 5 hr LPR CorrRate, mpy @ 263 F. 8.4252 9.11000.2231 0.3036 0.3930 0.2074 0.4127 0.4572 0.3984 5 hr Ecorr, V/AgAgCl−0.9055 −0.9036 0.8304 −0.8268 −0.8423 −0.7988 −0.8310 −0.8312 −0.8187*Comparative example

The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise. The endpoints of all rangesreciting the same characteristic or component are independentlycombinable and inclusive of the recited endpoint. All references areincorporated herein by reference. The terms “first,” “second,” and thelike herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but ratherare used to distinguish one element from another. The variousembodiments and ranges described herein are combinable to the extentthat the description is not contradictory.

While typical embodiments have been set forth for the purpose ofillustration, the foregoing descriptions should not be deemed to be alimitation on the scope herein. Accordingly, various modifications,adaptations, and alternatives may occur to one skilled in the artwithout departing from the spirit and scope herein.

1. A heat transfer fluid concentrate comprising: a freezing pointdepressant in an amount of 85 wt. % to 99 wt. % based on a total weightof the heat transfer fluid concentrate; a carboxylate in an amount of 1wt. % to 10 wt. % based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluidconcentrate; an inorganic phosphate in an amount of 0.10 wt. % to 0.60wt. % based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate;an azole compound in an amount of 0.01 wt. % to 3 wt. % based on thetotal weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate; magnesium ions inan amount of 16 ppm to 80 ppm by weight of the heat transfer fluidconcentrate; and an acrylate-based polymer in an amount wherein a ratioof the acrylate-based polymer to the magnesium ions is from 1 to
 25. 2.The heat transfer fluid concentrate of claim 1 further comprisingcalcium ions in an amount greater than 0.5 ppm by weight of the heattransfer fluid concentrate.
 3. The heat transfer fluid concentrate ofclaim 2 wherein the calcium ions are derived from a calcium salt of anorganic acid.
 4. The heat transfer fluid concentrate of claim 1 whereina pH of the heat transfer fluid concentrate is from 7 to 9.5.
 5. Theheat transfer fluid concentrate of claim 1 wherein the freezing pointdepressant comprises an alcohol.
 6. The heat transfer fluid concentrateof claim 1 wherein the freezing point depressant comprises ethyleneglycol.
 7. The heat transfer fluid concentrate of claim 1 wherein thecarboxylate comprises a plurality of carboxylates.
 8. The heat transferfluid concentrate of claim 1 wherein the carboxylate comprises analiphatic carboxylate, an aromatic carboxylate, or a combinationthereof.
 9. The heat transfer fluid concentrate of claim 1 wherein thecarboxylate comprises 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, neodecanoic acid, or acombination thereof.
 10. The heat transfer fluid concentrate of claim 1wherein the inorganic phosphate comprises phosphoric acid.
 11. The heattransfer fluid concentrate of claim 1 wherein the azole compoundcomprises a benzotriazole, a tolyltriazole, or a combination thereof.12. The heat transfer fluid concentrate of claim 1 wherein the magnesiumions are derived from a magnesium salt of an organic acid.
 13. The heattransfer fluid concentrate of claim 1 wherein the acrylate-based polymercomprises a polyacrylate.
 14. The heat transfer fluid concentrate ofclaim 1 wherein the heat transfer fluid concentrate is free of silicate,borate, and amines
 15. A heat transfer fluid concentrate comprising:ethylene glycol in an amount of 90 wt. % to 98 wt. % based on a totalweight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate; an aliphatic carboxylatein an amount of 1.5 wt. % to 7 wt. % based on the total weight of theheat transfer fluid concentrate; phosphoric acid in an amount of 0.11wt. % to 0.45 wt. % based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluidconcentrate; a tolyltriazole in an amount of 0.05 wt. % to 2 wt. % basedon the total weight of the heat transfer fluid concentrate; calcium ionsin an amount of 0.5 ppm to 20 ppm by weight of the heat transfer fluidconcentrate; magnesium ions in an amount of 20 ppm to 75 ppm by weightof the heat transfer fluid concentrate; and a polyacrylate in an amountwherein a ratio of the polyacrylate to the magnesium ions is from 1 to25.
 16. The heat transfer fluid concentrate of claim 15 wherein: thealiphatic carboxylate comprises 2-ethyl hexanoic acid and neodecanoicacid; the calcium ions are derived from a calcium salt of an organicacid; and the magnesium ions are derived from a magnesium salt of anorganic acid.
 17. The heat transfer fluid concentrate of claim 15wherein the ratio of the polyacrylate to the magnesium ions is from 2 to20.
 18. A heat transfer fluid comprising: water; a freezing pointdepressant in an amount of 1 wt. % to 90 wt. % based on a total weightof the heat transfer fluid; a carboxylate in an amount of 0.5 wt. % to 8wt. % based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid; an inorganicphosphate in an amount of 0.05 wt. % to 0.40 wt. % based on the totalweight of the heat transfer fluid; an azole compound in an amount of0.005 wt. % to 2 wt. % based on the total weight of the heat transferfluid; magnesium ions in an amount of 2 ppm to 60 ppm by weight of theheat transfer fluid; and an acrylate-based polymer in an amount whereina ratio of the acrylate-based polymer to the magnesium ions is from 1 to25.
 19. The heat transfer fluid of claim 18 further comprising calciumions in an amount greater than 0.5 ppm by weight of the heat transferfluid.
 20. The heat transfer fluid of claim 19 wherein the calcium ionsare derived from a calcium salt of an organic acid.
 21. The heattransfer fluid of claim 18 wherein a pH of the heat transfer fluid isfrom 7 to 9.5.
 22. The heat transfer fluid of claim 18 wherein thefreezing point depressant comprises an alcohol.
 23. The heat transferfluid of claim 18 wherein the freezing point depressant comprisesethylene glycol.
 24. The heat transfer fluid of claim 18 wherein thecarboxylate comprises a plurality of carboxylates.
 25. The heat transferfluid of claim 18 wherein the carboxylate comprises an aliphaticcarboxylate, an aromatic carboxylate, or a combination thereof.
 26. Theheat transfer fluid of claim 18 wherein the carboxylate comprises2-ethyl hexanoic acid, neodecanoic acid, or a combination thereof. 27.The heat transfer fluid of claim 18 wherein the inorganic phosphatecomprises phosphoric acid.
 28. The heat transfer fluid of claim 18wherein the azole compound comprises a benzotriazole, a tolyltriazole,or a combination thereof.
 29. The heat transfer fluid of claim 18wherein the magnesium ions are derived from a magnesium salt of anorganic acid.
 30. The heat transfer fluid of claim 18 wherein theacrylate-based polymer comprises a polyacrylate.
 31. The heat transferfluid of claim 18 wherein the heat transfer fluid is free of silicate,borate, and amines
 32. A heat transfer fluid comprising: water; ethyleneglycol in an amount of 30 wt. % to 90 wt. % based on a total weight ofthe heat transfer fluid; an aliphatic carboxylate in an amount of 0.6wt. % to 7 wt. % based on the total weight of the heat transfer fluid;phosphoric acid in an amount of 0.07 wt. % to 0.35 wt. % based on thetotal weight of the heat transfer fluid; a tolyltriazole in an amount of0.007 wt. % to 1.5 wt. % based on the total weight of the heat transferfluid; calcium ions in an amount of 0.5 ppm to 60 ppm by weight of theheat transfer fluid; magnesium ions in an amount of 4 ppm to 65 ppm byweight of the heat transfer fluid; and a polyacrylate in an amountwherein a ratio of the polyacrylate to the magnesium ions is from 1 to25.